Ingrown nails occur when the edge of a nail grows into the surrounding skin, causing pain, swelling, and sometimes infection. Some of the common causes of ingrown nails include improper nail trimming, wearing tight shoes, or having a nail injury.

Fungal nails, on the other hand, occur when a fungus infects the nail, causing it to become discolored, thickened, and brittle. Fungal nails can be caused by various factors, such as poor hygiene, walking barefoot in public places, or having a weakened immune system.